Effect of Partial Dietary Replacement From Animal to Plant-Based Protein for Type 2 Diabetes Management

Inclusion criteria

• Adults (≥18 and ≤65 years old)
• Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes;
• Glycated hemoglobin from 7% to 11%;
• Overweight or obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m² and \<40 kg/m²);
• Use of any hypoglycemic and insulin;
• Stable weight (maximum variation of approximately 5%) for at least 12 weeks before screening;
• Not having undergone dietary intervention in the last 6 months;
• Have the ability to understand and be able to adhere to intervention proposals;
• Able and willing to provide an informed consent form for written and to comply with the requirements of the study protocol;

Exclusion criteria

• Type 1 diabetes mellitus;
• Retinopathy with vision deficit that limits the activities proposed in the interventions;
• Chronic kidney disease with estimated glomerular filtration \< 30 mL/min per 1.73m²;
• Liver failure, chronic viral hepatitis;
• Grade III or IV heart failure
• Active or progressive neurodegenerative disease;
• Prior stroke that has caused sequelae;
• Use of medications that affect glucose metabolism (e.g. corticosteroids or immunosuppressants) or cause weight loss;
• Chronic treatment with oral or parenteral corticosteroids (\>7 days consecutive treatment) within 4 weeks prior to screening;
• Treatment with weight-reducing agents (eg, orlistat, sibutramine, topiramate, bupropion, liraglutide, semaglutide) within the last 12 weeks before screening;
• Treatment with thyroid hormone that was not maintained at a stable dose in last 12 weeks before screening;
• History of active substance abuse (including alcohol) within the last year;
• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) outside the normal range;
• Fasting triglycerides ≥ 600 mg/dL;
• Tumor diagnosed and/or treated (except basal cell skin cancer, carcinoma in situ of the cervix, or prostate cancer in situ) within the last 5 years;
• Severe psychiatric illness;
• Predisposition or diagnosis of eating disorders;
• Women who are pregnant, intend to become pregnant during the study period, or who are currently breastfeeding;
• Hyperglycemia characterized by acute symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia and/or weight loss in the last 3 months;
• Metabolic and acute complications of diabetes such as ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar coma;
• Potentially unreliable patients and those deemed by the investigator to be unsuitable for the study;
• Night workers who work after 10pm;
• Being on a vegetarian, vegan or flexitarian diet at the time of recruitment;
• Having undergone bariatric surgery;
• Carriers of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV);
• Any other medical condition/disorder that the investigators consider that are likely to: interfere with the patient's ability to complete the entire study period or participate in study activities;
• Participants who require any treatment that could affect the interpretation, reliability or safety of data during the study intervention.