How the Body Processes Sugar After Eating, in People With Different Body Weights

Inclusion criteria

• Healthy males and females using contraception during and for 3 months after the study.
• Aged from 18-65 years at the time of signing informed consent
• 18.5 \< BMI \< 25 kg·m2 or 30\< BMI \<35 kg·m2
• Must be willing and able to communicate and participate in the whole study, including consumption of 14C-glucose and meals offered during study conduct
• Must have regular bowel movements (i.e. average stool production of ≥1 and ≤3 stools per day)
• Must usually eat 3 meals per day (i.e. breakfast, lunch and dinner)

Exclusion criteria

• Diabetes (Type 1, Type 2, or genetic form of diabetes)
• Any diagnosed cardiovascular (heart) disease or high blood pressure (≥140 mmHg systolic and/or ≥90 mmHg diastolic)
• HbA1c higher than 53 mmol/mol
• History of clinically significant cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, chronic respiratory or gastro-intestinal disease, immunodeficiency, endocrine, neurological, or psychiatric disorders
• Any diagnosed respiratory disease, such as COPD or asthma
• Any previous motor disorders or disorders in muscle and/or lipid metabolism
• Known severe kidney problems
• Presence of an ulcer in the stomach or gut and/or strong history of indigestion
• Recent or chronic history of diarrhoea
• Known anaemia
• A personal or family history of thrombosis (clots), epilepsy, seizures, or schizophrenia.
• Regular use of dietary supplements (\>3 times per week)
• Chronic use of any prescribed or over the counter pharmaceuticals (excluding oral contraceptives and contraceptive devices)
• History of any drug or alcohol abuse in the past two years
• A confirmed positive alcohol breath test at screening or admission
• Drug use
• Claustrophobia
• Subjects who are on a weight loss diet or following a high calorific/high protein diet to gain weight
• Subjects with functional constipation
• Any known food allergies or intolerances to the 14 major food allergens (celery, cereals containing gluten, crustaceans, eggs, fish, lupin, milk, molluscs, mustard, tree nuts, peanuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, sulphur dioxide and sulphites) or history of a malabsorption syndrome including coeliac disease
• Subjects who have regular gastrointestinal complaints including abdominal pain, stomach upsets and borborygmi or known or suspected irritable bowel syndrome
• Currently taking part in another scientific research
• Having received a product with 14C in the past 12 months
• Pregnant or breastfeeding
• Smoking or having used nicotine-containing products in the 6 months prior to the study.
• Subjects who have taken antibiotics within the 60 days prior to the adaptation period.
• Currently involved in a structured progressive resistance training programme (\>3 times per week)
• Sedentary lifestyle as assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire \[IPAQ\].
• Unable to give consent
• Employed or undertaking a thesis or internship at the department of Human and Animal Physiology